Percorsi Strani

Categoria di risorse:

• Libri e corsi online
• Articoli fondamentali
• Articoli recenti
• Scienziati online
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Fisica

Fisica classica

• Archimede, “The Works of Archimedes“, (ca. 250 BC), translation by Thomas Heath, Dover Publications (2002). [Primo fisico matematico nella storia]
• G. Galilei, “Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze“, Leiden, Louis Elsevier (1638). [Meccanica, cinematica, teoria dell’inerzia]
• I. Newton, “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica” (”Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy“) (1687). [Leggi di Newton]
• J.C. Maxwell, “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 155, 459-512 (1865). Cfr. “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism“, Dover Publications (1954) [Teoria dell’elettromagnetismo]
• E. Noether, “Invariante Variationsprobleme” (”Invariant variation problems“), Nachr. v. d. Ges. d. Wiss. zu Göttingen, 235-257 (1918). [Teorema di Noether]

Relatività

• A. Einstein, “Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper” (”On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies“), Annalen Der Physik (June 30, 1905). [Teoria della relatività ristretta]
• A. Einstein, “”Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?” (”Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?“), Annalen Der Physik (September 27, 1905). [Derivazione della relazione e=mc² d’equivalenza massa/energia].
• A. Einstein, “Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie” (”The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity“), Annalen Der Physik, 49 (1916). [Teoria della relatività generale]
• K. Schwarzschild, “Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie” (”On the gravitational field of a mass point according to Einstein’s theory“, Sitzungsber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Phys.-Math. Kl. 189-196 (1916). [Metrica di Schwarzschild]
• R. P. Kerr, “Gravitational Field of a Spinning Mass as an Example of Algebraically Special Metrics“, Physical Review Letters, 11, 237–238 (1963). [Metrica di Kerr]

Cosmologia

• A. Friedmann, “Uber die Krümmung des Raumes” (”On Space Curvature”), Zeitschrift fur Physik, 10, 377-387 (1922). [Cosmologia di Friedmann]
• E. Hubble, “A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae“, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15, 168-173 (1929). [Legge di Hubble]
• S. Chandrasekhar, “The highly collapsed configurations of a stellar mass“, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 95, 207-225 (1935). [Limite di Chandrasekhar]
• R. A. Alpher, G. Gamow, “The Origin of Chemical Elements“, Physical Review, 73, 803 (1948). [Teoria della nucleosintesi primordiale]
• A. Guth, “Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems“, Physical Review D (Particles and Fields), 23:2, 347-356 (1981). [Teoria dell’inflazione cosmica]
• A. D. Linde, “A new inflationary universe scenario: A possible solution of the horizon, flatness, homogeneity, isotropy and primordial monopole problems“, Physics Letters B, 108:6, 389-393 (1982). [”Nuova” teoria dell’inflazione cosmica]

Fisica quantistica

• M. Planck, “Über das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum” (”On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum“), Annalen Der Physik, 4, 553 (1901). [Ipotesi quantistica, legge della radiazione del corpo nero]
• A. Einstein, “Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt” (”On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light“), Annalen Der Physik, 1905. [Quanto di luce, spiegazione dell’effetto fotoelettrico]
• N. Bohr, “On the Quantum Theory of Line-Spectra“, D. KGL. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, naturvidensk. og mathem. Afd. 8. Raekke, IV.1, 1-3 1 (1918). [Principio della complementarità]
• L. de Broglie, “Ondes et Quanta” (”Waves and Quanta“), Compt. Ren. 177:507 (1923). [Doppio aspetto ondulatorio-corpuscolare]
• S. N. Bose, “Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese” (”Plancks Law and Light Quantum Hypothesis“), Z. Phys, 26, 178 (1924). A. Einstein, “Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases“, Sitzungsber. Kgl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 261 (1924), 3 (1925). [Statistica di Bose-Einstein, predizione del condensato di Bose-Einstein]
• W. Pauli, “Über den Zusammenhang des Abschlusses der Elektronengruppen im Atom mit der Komplexstruktur der Spektren” (”On the Connexion between the Completion of Electron Groups in an Atom with the Complex Structure of Spectra“), Z. Phys. 31:765 (1925). [Principio di esclusione di Pauli]
• W. Heisenberg, “Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen” (”Quantum-Theoretical Re-Interpretation of Kinematic and Mechanical Relations”), Z. Phys. 33:879 (1925). [Fondamenti teorici della meccanica quantistica, “formulazione di Heisenberg”]
• M. Born, P. Jordan, “Zur Quantenmechanik” (”On Quantum Mechanics“), Z. Phys. 34:858 (1925). [Formalismo delle matrici]
• E. Fermi, “Zur Quantelung des Idealen Einatomigen Gases” (”On Quantization of Perfect Monatomic Gases“), Z. Phys. 36, 902 (1926). P.A.M. Dirac, “On the Theory of Quantum Mechanics“, Proc. Roy. Soc. A112, 661 (1926). [Statistica di Fermi-Dirac]
• E. Schrödinger, “Quantizierung als Eigenwertproblem (Erste Mitteilung)” (”Quantization as a Problem of Proper Values. Part I.”), Annalen der Physik., 79:361 (1926). [Equazione di Schrödinger]
• E. Schrödinger, “Über das Verhältnis der Heisenberg Born Jordanischen Quantenmechanik zu der meinen” (”On the Relation Between the Quantum Mechanics of Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan, and that of Schrödinger”), Annalen der Physik. 79:734 (1926). [Equivalenza delle formulazioni della meccanica quantistica di Heisenberg e Schrödinger]
• M. Born, “Zur Quantenmechanik der Stoßvorgänge” (”Quantum Mechanics of Collision”), Z. Phys. 37:863 (1926). [Interpretazione statistica, densità di probabilità]
• W. Heisenberg, “Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik” (”The Actual Content of Quantum Theoretical Kinematics and Mechanics“), Z. Phys. 43:172 (1927). [Principio d’indeterminazione]
• A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, N. Rosen, “Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?“, Phys. Rev. 47, 777–780 (May 15, 1935). [Paradosso EPR]
• R. P. Feynman, “Space-Time Approach to Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics“, Rev. of Mod. Phys. 20:367 (1948). [Formalismo dell’integrale di cammino]
• H. Everett, “Relative state formulation of quantum mechanics“, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 454-462 (1957). [Interpretazione dei “molti mondi”]
  
• Bell, J. S. “On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox“, Physics 1, 195–200 (1964). [Teorema di Bell]
• H. D. Zeh, “On the interpretation of measurement in quantum theory“, Found. Phys. 1, 69-76 (1970). [Decoerenza quantistica]
• W. K. Wootters, W. H. Zurek, “A single quantum cannot be cloned“, Nature, 299, 802-803 (1982). [Teorema di no-cloning quantistico]
  
• C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, et al., “Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels“, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1895-1899 (1993). [Teleportazione quantistica]

Fisica nucleare e delle particelle

• E. Rutherford, “The Scattering of alpha and beta Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom“, Phil. Mag. 21, 669 (1911). [Esistenza dei nuclei atomici, modello dell’atomo di Rutherford]
• N. Bohr, “On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules“, I. Phil. Mag. 26:1 (1913). [Modello dell’atomo di Bohr]
• P. A. M. Dirac, “The Quantum Theory of Dispersion“, Proc. Roy. Soc. A114:710 (1927). [Fondamenti dell’elettrodinamica quantistica]
• P. A. M. Dirac, “The Quantum Theory of the Electron“, Proc. R. Soc. London A 117 610 (1928) A 118 351-361 (1928). [Equazione quantistica e relativistica dell’elettrone]
• H. Yukawa, “On the Interaction of Elementary Particles“, Proc. Phys. Math. Soc. Jap. 17:48 (1935). [Teoria dei campi delle forze nucleari]
• R. P. Feynman, “Relativistic Cut-Off for Quantum Electrodynamics“, Phys. Rev. 74, 1430 (1948). “Space-Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics“, Phys. Rev. 76, 769 - 789 (1949). “Mathematical Formulation of the Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Interaction“, Phys. Rev. 80, 440 - 457 (1950). [Teoria covariante dell’elettrodinamica quantistica]
• C. N. Yang, R.L. Mills, “Conservation of Isotopic Spin and Isotopic Gauge Invariance“, Phys. Rev. 96:191 (1954). [Teoria di Yang-Mills d’invarianza di gauge locale]
• M. Gell-Mann, “A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons”, Phys. Lett. 8:214 (1964). [Modello del Quark]
• P. W. Higgs, “Broken Symmetries and Masses of Gauge Bosons“, Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 508 (1964). [Meccanismo di Higgs di generazione della massa]
• S. Weinberg, “A model of leptons“, Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1264-1266 (1967). [Teoria elettrodebole]
• G. Veneziano, “Construction of a crossing-symmetric, Regge-behaved amplitude for linearly rising trajectories”, Nuovo Cimento, 57A, 190 (1968). L. Susskind, “Dual symmetric theory of hadrons”, Nuovo Cimento, 69A, 457 (1970). [Prima formulazione della teoria delle stringhe]
• G. ‘t Hooft, “Renormalization of Massless Yang-Mills Fields“, Nucl. Phys. B33:173 (1971). [Prova della rinormalizzabilità dei campi di gauge]
• D. J. Gross, F. Wilczek, “Ultraviolet Behaviour of Non-Abelian Gauge Theory“, Phys. Rev. Lett. 30:1343 (1973). [Libertà asintotica]
• H. Georgi, S. L. Glashow, “Unity of All Elementary-Particle Forces“, Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 438-441 (1974). [Teoria di grande unificazione di tutte le forze, gravitazione esclusa]

Gravitazione quantistica

• B. S. DeWitt, “Quantum Theory of Gravity. I. The Canonical Theory“, Phys. Rev. 160, 1113-1148 (1967). [Equazione di Wheeler-DeWitt]
• J. Scherk, J. H. Schwarz, “Dual models for non-hadrons“, Nucl. Phys. B81, 118 (1974). [Applicazione della teoria delle stringhe alla gravitazione quantistica]. M. B. Green, J. H. Schwarz, “Supersymmetrical dual string theory“, Nuclear Physics B181, 3, 502-530 (1981). [Teoria delle supercorde]
• J. D. Bekenstein, “Black Holes and Entropy“, Phys. Rev. D 7, 2333-2346 (1973). [Termodinamica dei buchi neri]
• S. W. Hawking, “Particle creation by black holes“, Comm. Math. Phys., 43, 3, 199-220 (1975). [Radiazione di Hawking]
• A. Ashtekar, “New variables for classical and quantum gravity“, Phys. Rev. Lett., 57 (18), 2244-2247 (1986). [Variabili di Ashtekar]. C. Rovelli, L. Smolin, “Loop space representation of quantum general relativity“, Nucl. Phys., B331 (1), 80-152, (1990). [Gravitazione quantistica a loop]
• G. ‘t Hooft, “Dimensional Reduction in Quantum Gravity“, arXiv:gr-qc/9310026 (1993). [Principio olografico]
• E. Witten, “String Theory Dynamics In Various Dimensions“, Nucl. Phys. B443 85-126 (1995). [Teoria M]

Computazione

Teoria della calcolabilità

• K. Gödel, “Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme” (”On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems“), Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik, 38: 173-98 (1931). [Teoremi di Gödel per i sistemi assiomatici ricorsivi]
• A. Turing, “On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem“, Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2(42), 230-265 (November 12, 1936) [Modello di calcolo della Macchina di Turing, definizione di calcolabilità (tesi di Turing)]
• A. Turing, “Computability and lambda-Definability“, Journal of Symbolic Logic, 2, 153-163 (December 1937). [Prova dell’equivalenza delle funzioni calcolabili di Turing, delle funzioni lambda-definibili di Church e delle funzioni ricorsive generali di Gödel-Kleene]
• A. Turing, “Systems of logic based on ordinals”, Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 3(45), 161-228 (1939). [Definizione di calcolabilità relativa, macchina di Turing con oracolo]
• W. S. McCulloch, W. H. Pitts, “A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity“. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 5:115-133 (1943). [Sistemi a stati finiti, reti neuronali]
• J. von Neumann, “On a logical and general theory of automata“, in Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior: The Hixon Symposium, ed. L.A. Jeffries (New York: Wiley, 1951). J. von Neumann, “Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata“, (University of Illinois Press, 1966). [Automi]
• N. Chomsky, “Three Models for the Description of Language“. IRE Transactions on Information Theory. 2,3 : 113-24 (1956). “On certain formal properties of grammars”, Information and Control 2, 137-167 (1959). [Grammatiche formali]
• M. O. Rabin, D. Scott, “Finite automata and their decision problems“, IBM Journal of Research and Development, 3:114–125 (1959). [Macchine non-deterministiche]

Teoria dell’informazione

• C. E. Shannon, “A mathematical theory of communication“, Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 27, 379-423 and 623-656 (July and October 1948). [Fondamenti della teoria dell’informazione]
• R. Hamming, “Error detecting and error correcting codes“, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 40:9, 1098–1101 (1952). [Correzione di errori]
• R. Landauer, “Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process“, IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 5, No. 3 (1961). [L’irreversibilità logica è un’irreversibilità fisica]

Complessità computazionale

• J. Hartmanis, R. Stearns, “On the computational complexity of algorithms”, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 117 (May 1965). [Fondamenti della teoria della complessità computazionale]
• M. Blum, “A machine-independent theory of the complexity of recursive functions“. Journal of the ACM, 14-2:322 336 (1967). [Assiomi di complessità di Blum]
• S. A. Cook, “The Complexity of Theorem Proving Procedures“, Proceedings Third Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, 151-158 (May 1971). [Concetto di problema NP-completo]

Theoria algoritmica dell’informazione

• R. Solomonoff, “A formal theory of Inductive Inference“, Information and Control, 7, 1-22, 224-54 (1964). [Prima definizione della complessità algoritmica]
• A. N. Kolmogorov, “Three approaches to the quantitative definition of information”, Problems in Information Transmission, 1:1, 1-7, (1965). [Complessità di Kolmogorov]
• G. J. Chaitin, “On the length of programs for computing finite binary sequences: statistical considerations“, Journal of the ACM, 16, 145-159 (1969). [Formulazione indipendente della complessità di Kolmogorov]

Teoria dell’informazione quantistica

• R. P. Feynman, “Simulating Physics with Computers“, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 21: 467-488 (1982). [Argomento per la computazione quantistica]
• D. Deutsch, “Quantum Theory, the Church-Turing Principle, and the Universal Quantum Computer“, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., A400, 97–117 (1985). [Fondamenti del modello di calcolo quantistico, macchina universale di Turing quantistica]
• D. Deutsch, R. Jozsa, “Rapid Solution of Problems by Quantum Computation“, Proceedings: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 439:1907, 553-558 (1992). [Primo algoritmo quantistico]
• C. H. Bennett and S. J. Wiesner. “Communication via one- and two-particle operators on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen states“. Phys. Rev. Lett., 69:2881 (1992). [Codifica super-densa]
• P. Shor, “Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring“, IEEE Comput. Soc. Press, 124–134 (November 1994) [Algoritmo di fattorizzazione quantistica di Shor]
• L. K. Grover, “A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search“, Proceedings, 28th Annual ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing, 212 (May 1996). [Algoritmo di ricerca quantistica di Grover]